Metal casting: (Sand casting, Shell moulding, Full-mould, Full mould casting, Investment casting (lost wax casting), die casting, Centrifugal casting and Continuous casting), Plastic deformation of metals (Metal forming) : (Rolling of metals, Forging of metals, Extrusion, Drawing),k Non-Traditional Processes : (Chemical machining, Electrochemical machining, Electro discharge machining, Laser beam machining , Ultrasonic Machining, Water – jet Machining and Abrasive Water- jet Machining).